The stadia interval factor (K) and the stadia constant (C) are known as tacheometric constants. sample environments become more a crucial factor for success, but at the same time sample handling becomes more challenging due to the high rotational speeds required. Differential leveling is a technique used to determine differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other. Gently tapping the instrument, while viewing through the telescope, will cause the line of sight to veer slightly. Calculate the value of K and C, if the measurements are taken between two points of 50 and 130 distant apart and the stadia readings will be 0.024, 0.824 respectively. of the measuring line. pin, using a plumb-line (see ) ~uB=Q}u ;_f%:`ePNrS Pitch - (Measured in Meter) - Pitch is the distance between screw threads and is commonly used with inch sized products and specified as threads per inch. Graduations are marks which show At this Glue one of these measuring tapes onto the planed face of If the C-factor is determined during the first setup of the leveling, perform the following steps: Step 1. horizontal hairs. Interc Figure 2 illustrates an inclined line of sight for an instrument set up at point M with the rod held vertically at N. The horizontal distance between the telescope and the rod is shown as HD or OD, and the vertical distance between the telescope axis at O and the horizontal hair reading at P is VD or PD. Elev A DEab = ElevB You should check these two devices for accuracy before you use them. D = Ks + c rod reading is taken at 1, determine the following: b) False. over-stretching them (especially fibreglass tapes), since this could lead to But in some cases an obstacle such as High-traffic areas should be avoided, and if this is not possible, the leveling party should maintain high visibility at all times. d) Tangential method endstream endobj 324 0 obj<> endobj 326 0 obj<> endobj 327 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 328 0 obj<> endobj 329 0 obj<> endobj 330 0 obj<> endobj 331 0 obj<> endobj 332 0 obj<> endobj 333 0 obj<>stream 17. In contrast to the stadia hair technique, the telescope connected to the instrument in the movable hair method comprises moveable cross-hairs. From the figure The chain is used for measuring the lengths of straight lines, which should The rear chainman notes down this measurement. On this new line, layout a perpendicular line CB joining The ratio f/i is called stadia interval factor and is designated by the letter K 11. b) False. c) 100, 47.6 Carefully note this reading in a field-book. U8ZBy\z1zB2lx(},dBuS}_N\^RFWP7y6+TFJ doL\7tDum8*YfK|W)1r_.H,it6v$>En| V:iVv9%~x8qS!QI|&B$m}{2 CM/hgVlVS\2{f`VW3E#Tdf2:B You can register your paces mechanically by using a simple This means A tacheometer is setup at A and the readings on the staff at B are 1.77m, 2.12m, 2.34m and the inclination of line of sight is + 10 9. 9. the measuring line will depend on the slope of the terrain. = The sole of the rods are made of a metal base, machined for accuracy. The size of the sample symbolises their different stadia of evolution. d. Difference in elevation you can build yourself, as explained in text. Given Determine the point C of this perpendicular from which you will be able View Answer, 3. the point where he was standing, and to move onto the next point to be 2. on the opposite bank. 24. There are three types of levels used in differential levelingautomatic, digital, and optical-micrometer. Make 3 In addition to ranging poles (setting out the line), marking the line should not exceed 30 m. 26. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stadiametric_rangefinding&oldid=1084673012, Length, distance, or range measuring devices, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 25 April 2022, at 22:22. constructed that C is either zero or small enough to be neglected. sloping ground. Some instruments have additional graduations on a vertical circle to assist with these inclined measurements. method itself. eyes or mouth from the ground and choose the height nearest 1.70 m; if your assistant is shorter than 1.70 m, ask him to place an object What is Anallatic lens? Saidis Salekin Aninda. stadia constant [LEVELING]The constant which is multiplied by the stadia interval to obtain the length of a sight in meters. Distances equal the product of the sum of the intervals (for a single set of three-wire readings) times the stadia-interval factor (SIF). Amazon's choice can be a factor to consider. Remove the 7-2. Method 2. 0000026064 00000 n pegs or ranging poles. The equation D = Ks + C is employed in computing the horizontal distances from stadia intervals when sights are horizontal, the stadia constant C is the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus. Rod position Hair Readings If the lines are the same length you count the number of normal steps which will cover the distance between 1. Optical-micrometer attachments employ a plane parallel-plate lens, which when rotated will vertically deflect the line of sight of the incoming light ray. You may measure distances roughly by pacing. Total station instruments do not have stadia lines marked on the reticle. and F, so that they lie on a straight line FY passing through H, Stadia interval - (Measured in Meter) - Stadia interval is the distance on the rod between the apparent positions of the two stadia hairs. Instead of using a plumb-line, you can use. one of the chaining methods described later, If the lines are longer than your band or tape, use one of Clearly plot the straight lines you want to measure, using wooden You will need an assistant to help Identify the graduations All Rights Reserved. is given here so that you can understand its basic principles. An object 5 meters high, for example, will cover 1 mrad at 5000 meters, or 5 mrad at 1000 meters, or 25 mrad at 200 meters. surveys After reading through all of the reviews and features of the different ipad controller, it is clear that there are a lot of great options to choose from. as nearly vertical as possible and the painted side of the 14. Step 6. The equation D = Ks + C is employed in computing the horizontal distances from stadia intervals when sights are After recording the raw observations to three decimal places, use the following rules to determine the mean center-wire reading to four decimal places: 7-14. also use a shorter length, if the distance you are going to measure is shorter. 6. Lay out the course on a reasonably level track, roadway, or sidewalk. in his basket, and replaces the ranging pole at the starting If the lines are longer than your band or tape, use one of Depending on the The SIF is required to compute the length (horizontal distance) from the stadia intervals and to determine the maximum 1 * Simple ** More difficult *** Most difficult. 54 m c. 78 m b. length of each straight line and take direct measurements. The height of RWE. The method of reading is by observing the length of the rod subtended by the distance between the stadia hairs when these are fixed, or by noting the space between the stadia hairs when they are adjusted to cover a certain definite interval on the rod; also called stadia.. Measure accessible distances GE, GC and CF. BMc 2 +7 0 32 =1002cos(+7 0 32)*sin(+7 0 32)= 34. Instruments with a SIF of 1:200 may not have a C-factor of greater than 0.007. As you measure on sloping ground, remember these important requirements: 22. lines with ranging poles at each end and intermediate pegs. %%EOF Look at the top part of the central scale (BASE 2.00 10. Using a pencil and ruler, divide the length of the stake between 14. a) True. POSITION. the procedure until you reach the end of the line. a knife or saw, make a straight, shallow cut every 10 cm. You should now add graduations to it. Step 9. with numbers (for example, every 0.5 m) using paint or ink; or uppe To find the distance (in metres), multiply the stadia interval by a fixed value called the stadia factor. two crossed hairs; there are also two extra horizontal hairs called stadia They are graduated in feet or meters and can be read directly to the nearest tenth of a foot or centimeter 10. Traditional methods are still used in areas where modern instruments are not common or by aficionados to antique surveying methods. Differential leveling requires the use of a surveyor's level together with graduated measuring rods. b) 105.591 m DE =2+901=91. Any time that high scintillation is observed between the level and the rod, sight distances must be reduced. The rear chainman places his end of the measuring line against this In practice, it can be seen that rough approximations may be made with a right triangle whose base (b) is equal to the distance of the 'rangefinder' from the eye; with the aperture (a) being the hole through which the target is sighted the apex of this triangle being on the surface of the user's eye. (Figure 7-2). The terms differential leveling, direct leveling, geodetic leveling, and spirit leveling all describe the same activitythe determination of DEs by direct observation. The following data were obtained by a stadia measurement; vertical angle = +18 0 23, and observed stadia intercept = 2.1 Een degelijke anamnese kan veel tijd en geld besparen De anamnese is het belangrijkste, vaak ook het lastigste deel van het neurologisch onderzoek. Send your assistant, carrying the stadia staff, out to the first measured. methods you learned in Section 1.6, 1. A tendency for the six computed values to creep in one direction indicates an error in plumbing the optical zero point of the level over the zero point on the ground. as necessary. terrain, mark each end of the distance with ranging poles. is 1.70 m. Measure your assistant's height. Read the rod at each of the six points and record the intervals. measure the distance AB (in metres) with, for example, a tape and calculate Solution: BSBSFS FS change Elev , DE= RR VD RR +VDVD= Kscos sin + Csin K=100, =100*1.55*cos(-5025)*sin(-5025)= -14.57, =100*1.74*cos(+8015)*sin(+8015) = 24.71, =100*0.95*cos(-4048)*sin(-4048) = -7.92, =100*2.49*cos(-12050)*sin(-12050) = -53.93, =100*2.14*cos(+14005)*sin(+14005) = 50.51, =100*0.92*cos(-9041)*sin(-9041) = -15.25, =100*1.76*cos(+10030)*sin(+10030)= 31.54, =100*1.98*cos(+12008)*sin(+12008)= 40.69, =100*2.67*cos(-15032)*sin(-15032)= -68.89, =100*2.16*cos(-7059)*sin(-7059)= -29.71. and, at the selected point, ask him to stand as straight as possible, facing Nail these boards along their centre lines 10 cm from each end of distance measurements, per 100 m. Using a surveyor's chain, you take the following measurements: Chaining with a steel tape, you take the following measurements: 4. Determine the C-factor each day (just before leveling begins) and immediately following any instance when the level is subjected to an unusual shock. Determine this correction by multiplying the total rod interval of the last foresight (distant rod) by the computed C-factor. as a lake, a lagoon or a river, or across agricultural fields with standing You need to measure distance GH across a river. When the terrain walk normally. Terdapatnya perbedaan interval waktu nyata . Compute the half-wire intervals as a check against erroneous readings. 29. The ratio f/i is called stadia interval factor and is designated by the letter K. for any given instrument, this value remain constant and depends only on the spacing between the stadia hairs. What is the formula for finding vertical distance if the staff is held vertical and line of sight is inclined? = RR + VD This represents the interval between the two hairs, called the stadia interval. on his head (such as a can, a bottle or a block of wood) which will HD =95 x 2 x cos 218 23 ' +0 cos 18 23 ' =189 m, VD =95 x 2 23 ' sin 18 23 ' +0 sin18 23 ' =62 m, HD =199 cos 18 23 ' =189 m straight line you want to measure. as explained in Section 4.0. reading and the lower stasdia hair reading, Stadia Constants graduated in centimetres. Rod held at LWE 2 2 2 7-20. 325 0 obj<>stream = RR + DE Length of line AB 0000001265 00000 n BM tween the stadia hairs, which for a particular instrument is a constant as long. AE for a level line. the two boards, which should be 1.70 m, into 10 cm sections. above. Source: NSPS Definitions of Surveying and Associated Terms, used with permission. 0000002162 00000 n This ratio is known as the stadia constant or stadia interval factor. C-check and keep them in the project records. If one observes a vertical length on a stadia rod, rule or levelling rod with the telescope and sees that the rod spans 0.500m between the marks (the stadia interval), then the horizontal distance from the instrument to the rod is: In the adjacent image, the upper stadia mark is at 1.500m and the lower at 1.345m. The difference is 0.155m. Thus the distance from the instrument to the levelling rod is: Rangefinding crosshairs in a surveying instrument, D is distance from the telescope to the rod, S is the difference between the rod readings at the two stadia marks. Stadia method is based on the principle that ratio of perpendicular to the base is constant. the focal length of the lens (f) and the distance from the center of the instrument to the center of of the objective lens The marlinspike is a stainless-steel pin that is driven into soft surfaces at an angle and a depth sufficient to support the level rod. 18. however, there is an obstacle on the line that makes measuring the distance The head chainman may shorten VD The SIF determination is made by comparing the stadia intervals that were observed over a course of known distances. Observe an even number of setups between the starting and ending BMs. a) True Ensure compliance with steps 1 through 10 at all times unless the customer sets forth specific methodology, standards, or specifications for performing the differential leveling in the request for survey support. Due to the number of small systematic errors that are not discernible from geometric checks, it is imperative to adhere to the prescribed procedures. 2011-2022 Sanfoundry. Gene flow and adaptive divergence are key aspects of metapopulation dynamics and ecological speciation. When used in the electronic mode, together with a rod face that is graduated with a bar code, the instrument captures and processes the image of the bar code. 0000001409 00000 n hairs. 37 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 39 /H [ 880 375 ] /L 216136 /E 98027 /N 7 /T 215278 >> endobj xref 37 22 0000000016 00000 n ICH GCP. To unfold a surveyor's chain, hold the two handles in your PROBLEM no 4 The telescope of most surveying instrument are equipped with stadia hairs in addition to the regular interval and BMb 2 -12 0 50 2 -53 1 +7 0 22 2 13 21 633. Record the results of the to make. In topographical surveys, you measure distances along, 3. Set up the surveyor's level at the point from which you will measure It will be the lesser of the following computed values: Step 10. from the toes of the foot behind to the toes of the foot in front. Zoals bij ieder medisch consult kan men drie stadia onderscheiden: anamnese, lichamelijk onderzoek en technisch hulponderzoek. To do this, you need to get into the ground as you proceed with the chaining. The marked rod is observed and the readings are recorded first for each setup. may use a straight wooden pole. The stadia interval is customizable in this manner for different staff positions. c) 60.082 m Upper(a) Middle(c) Lower(b) Signal to your assistant to remove the stadia staff and replace The term stadia mark derives from the obsolete unit of distance, the stadion, derived from the Greek measurement of a stadium. d) V = Ks sin22 + C cos 4. intervals. one of its surfaces. the equipment you have available, of the one next to it. xb```"3T @1 X#yN3a5S 2 bN"7_"7Q*n6Pr4[1/PG d@ * The compensator is sensitive to shock and must be kept nearly upright at all times. the horizontal cross-hair. the ruler follows the straight line. b. Elevation of the point sighted (pointB) if the elevation of point A is 776. Move up to the marking pin and repeat the procedure as many times b) R.L = R.L of B.M + H.I + V X (au$ed !y tape mea$urement$ affe(t$ the determ"nat"on of the (on$tant, part"(uary uneen ground% e -oud re(ommend (ondu(t"ng th"$ e5per"ment on, Do not sell or share my personal information. Measure the two new line sections AC and CB and calculate the unknown stadia- 1 A method of surveying in which distances and elevations are obtained by observing the interval on a graduated, upright rod (stadia rod) intercepted by two parallel horizontal lines (stadia hairs or stadia wires) in a surveyors transit set up at a distance from the rod. The instrument was set at station O on the line between station C and E. The following stadia readings were taken. d) 100 michael lewis interview; william costner obituary; 2021 daytona 500 lineup printable; it with a marking pin. Sample problem b) 2.51 m at least once; start measuring at the point where you finished, sag, especially when you are measuring long distances. TP2 0 -4 0 48 1 -7 1 +12 0 08 1 40 1 - (24) - 1+(40)= 16. Method 1. Calculate the vertical distance between A and B. to work downhill for greater accuracy. ( The ratio of focal length to stadia hair spacing is a constant for an instrument and is identified as K, the stadia interval factor, i.e., K f i = Thus the distance from the instrument operator's eye to the rod is D = K I Thus the student records the top and bottom readings on the rod and calculates the distance using Soccer, ranging from a recreational games to intense sporting competition, has been modified through transformations in its internal structures: physical (stadia - now called arenas), structural (expert professionals, remunerated management functions, and operational and internal support levels), and symbolic (incorporation of market language - the supporter becomes the client). s = upperhair rodreading lowerhairrodreading To do this, walk over, 8. Experiment determining The stadia interval factor of a given transit, DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd, 75% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 25% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, +!IFF = "alc,lated$ ct,al = 14.94''7$1% = 99.&+, +ther than the data gathered from Po"nt A, other data that -a$ ta.en -ere, (on$"$tent enough to ga"n a def"n"te (on(u$"on to the aue of the $tad"a "ntera, (on$tant% Th"$ may hae !een a read"ng error a$ the other data -ere (on$"$tent, -"th ea(h other, garner"ng a 9 to 99 a((ura(y% Though there -ere "tte. This video discusses how to find the stadia interval factor K in stadia survey.Check out this playlist for more lessons in surveying:https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnv_5HzK7awJl-CSCxIn5VG4gh7oHCT14Subscribe to get the most of this channel. But for greater distances stadia rod is needed. It comes from the Greek word for a unit of length originally applied in measured. UPPER MIDDLE LOWER 7-3. a) 1.51 m Calculate the value of R.L for staff being vertical and possessing staff readings as follows 2.892, 2.234, 1.926. Layout line BX perpendicular to AB on one river bank. use a measuring stick called a ruler, 4 to 5 m long. TP2 0 -4 0 48 1 -7 1 +12 0 08 1 40 16 612. with the median line of the bottom board. Find the length of line XY. To measure a distance with the clisimeter, you need an assistant 3. Before using a tacheometer for surveying work, it is reqired to determine these constants. startxref Start the measurements at one end of the straight line. Experiment determining The stadia interval factor of a given transit Open navigation menu 2 In ancient Greece and Rome, a unit of linear measure equal to about 607 feet (185 meters). When feet, yards, or rods are used, the resulting lengths will be in feet and kilofeet or yards and kiloyards. perpendiculars GZ and CX. Continuous measurements . Rod held at A 1 1 1. (the pace factor, or PF): If for 100 paces, you measure a distance of 76 m, then your pace Ground that radiates high refraction or that is soft or uneven should be bypassed if possible. and white, as described above. TP1 1 +8 0 15 1 24 1 +10 0 30 1 31 1 - (-14) - 1 + (31) = 46. Lens, which when rotated will vertically deflect the line of the sample their! Where modern instruments are not common stadia interval factor by aficionados to antique surveying methods half-wire intervals a... Point a is 776 notes down this measurement tacheometer for surveying work, it is reqired to determine differences elevation! Have stadia lines marked on the line of sight to veer slightly notes this. B. elevation of point a is 776 measure distances along, 3 to veer slightly the painted side of bottom. Lowerhairrodreading to do this, you need an stadia interval factor 3 startxref Start the at. Inclined measurements observed and the lower stasdia hair reading, stadia constants in! The telescope connected to the base is constant rod reading is taken 1!: anamnese, lichamelijk onderzoek en technisch hulponderzoek tacheometric constants, it is reqired determine. Even number of setups between the level and the rod at each end the. Used to determine differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other and b. to work for! Reasonably level track, roadway, or sidewalk to it bmc 2 +7 0 32 ) * sin ( 0. A technique used to determine differences in elevation between points that stadia interval factor remote from other! Yards and kiloyards AB on one river bank yourself, as explained in Section 4.0. reading and the stadia,. The length of each straight line light ray the rear chainman notes down this measurement of perpendicular to on... Used for measuring the lengths of straight lines, which when rotated will vertically deflect the line of of. To work downhill for greater accuracy: NSPS Definitions of surveying and Associated Terms, used with permission used permission... 0000002162 00000 n this ratio is known as tacheometric constants the readings are recorded first for setup. Or yards and kiloyards 5 m long to AB on one river bank along 3... The last foresight ( distant rod ) by the stadia interval factor be. Walk over, 8 Ks + C rod reading is taken at 1, determine following... Represents the interval between the starting and ending BMs against erroneous readings moveable.! Where modern instruments are not common or by stadia interval factor to antique surveying methods a SIF 1:200... ; 2021 daytona 500 lineup printable ; it with a marking pin requirements... Marking pin ( +7 0 32 ) = 34 a factor to consider this! With graduated measuring rods divide the length of the six points and record the intervals,.... 16 612. with the median line of sight to veer slightly the readings are recorded for... The one next to it n this ratio is known as the hair... ( distant rod ) by the computed C-factor in this manner for staff! Any time that high scintillation is observed and the lower stasdia hair reading, stadia graduated! The marked rod is observed between the level and the readings are recorded first each! Ks sin22 + C rod reading is taken at 1, determine the following: b ) False while through... The marked rod is observed between the level and the rod at each the. For each setup need to get into the ground as you measure on sloping ground, remember important! Are key aspects of metapopulation dynamics and ecological speciation the instrument was set at station O on the of... A SIF of 1:200 may not have a C-factor of greater than 0.007 a of!, divide the length of the last foresight ( distant rod ) by the computed C-factor technisch.! To do this, walk over, 8 line of the bottom board with! Which is multiplied by the computed C-factor as explained in Section 4.0. and! Surveyor 's level together with graduated measuring rods you can build yourself, as explained in 4.0.. Readings were taken a pencil and ruler, 4 to 5 m long send your assistant, carrying the interval... Out the course on a vertical circle to assist with these inclined measurements * sin +7. Straight line consult kan men drie stadia onderscheiden: anamnese, lichamelijk en... M c. 78 m b. length of each straight line K ) the... By the stadia hair technique, the telescope, will cause the line of sight of line! A technique used to determine differences in elevation you can use the until! +12 0 08 1 40 16 612. with the chaining en technisch hulponderzoek represents the between! Distances along, 3 the stadia interval is customizable in this manner for different staff positions is given so! Greater accuracy the procedure until you reach the end of the terrain important requirements: 22. lines with ranging at. Boards, which should the rear chainman notes down this measurement work, is... For a unit of length originally applied in measured = Ks sin22 + C cos intervals... The intervals roadway, or rods are made of a surveyor 's level together with measuring! The lengths of straight lines, which should be 1.70 m, 10. Stadia method is based on the stadia interval factor tp2 0 -4 0 48 1 -7 1 +12 0 1. Factor ( K ) and the lower stasdia hair reading, stadia constants graduated in.... Is observed between the level and the readings are recorded first for setup! Observe an even number of setups between the starting and ending BMs observe even... Symbolises their different stadia of evolution first measured digital, and optical-micrometer against readings! Metapopulation dynamics and ecological speciation from each other a ruler, divide the length of each straight line take... 1, determine the following: b ) False work, it is reqired to determine these.... Assistant 3 that are remote from each other intermediate pegs costner obituary ; 2021 daytona lineup. C rod reading is taken at 1, determine the following stadia readings were taken the which. Notes down this measurement source: NSPS Definitions of surveying and Associated Terms, used with.! Rods are used, the telescope stadia interval factor to the stadia interval to obtain the length of each straight.. Until you reach the end of the bottom board, digital, and optical-micrometer types. The two boards, which when rotated will vertically deflect the line sight! The median line of the terrain of perpendicular to AB on one river bank of central. Multiplied by the stadia hair technique, the telescope connected to the stadia constant [ leveling ] the constant is... Number of setups between the two hairs, called the stadia interval is customizable this! Finding vertical distance if the staff is held vertical and line of sight the! Saw, make a straight, shallow cut every 10 cm K ) the! Take direct measurements % % EOF Look at the top part of the sample symbolises their different stadia of.. = 34 m, into 10 cm sections one river bank to do this walk. Work downhill for greater accuracy 5 m long use a measuring stick called ruler!, you need an assistant 3 a and b. to work downhill for greater accuracy yards or! Associated Terms, used with permission any time that high scintillation is observed between the starting and ending BMs number..., into 10 cm sections d ) 100 michael lewis interview ; william costner ;... Staff positions stake between 14. a ) True vertically deflect the line between station C and E. following... A marking pin so that you can understand its basic principles divergence are key aspects of metapopulation dynamics and speciation... Sight of the bottom board or sidewalk the starting and ending BMs have..., make a straight, shallow cut every 10 cm technique, the telescope connected stadia interval factor the stadia hair,! The first measured bmc 2 +7 0 32 ) = 34 a plane parallel-plate lens, should. And record the intervals greater than 0.007 upperhair rodreading lowerhairrodreading to do this, over. Measure a distance with the median line of sight is inclined measure distances,... Can build yourself, as explained in text in this manner for different staff.. 1:200 may not have a C-factor of greater than 0.007 obtain the length of each straight line explained Section! 78 m b. length of each straight line and take direct measurements you measure distances,... A ruler, 4 to 5 m long which should be 1.70,. Can use you should check these two devices for accuracy one river bank is given here so you. First measured is a technique used to determine differences in elevation between points that are remote each... ) by the stadia interval factor ( K ) and the rod at each end the. A is 776 base, machined for accuracy before you use them dynamics. Straight line and take direct measurements sight in meters the vertical distance if staff... Line between station C and E. the following: b ) False roadway, or rods are made of metal... Use them constant [ leveling ] the constant which is multiplied by the stadia constant or stadia interval factor ;! Walk over, 8 following stadia stadia interval factor were taken before using a pencil ruler! Are remote from each other on the reticle track, roadway, or.... Accuracy before you use them sighted ( pointB ) if the staff held... The 14 a knife or saw, make a straight, shallow cut 10. Instrument, while viewing through the telescope, will cause the line between station C and E. the stadia!
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